Chain surveying part1 measurement of distances chain. Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. A chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. Conclusion in conclusion, there are so many important uses for land surveying, and most of us depend on. Plotting chain surveys independent learners may wish to practice plotting chain or linear surveys. Following are the various types of chain in common use. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful.
A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob hangs directly above the point on the ground. This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly flat. Teacher notes and instructions for chain surveying activity. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Chain surveying is the basic and oldest type of surveying. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. If the area to be surveyed is more than km2, the anglesmeasured on the surface of the earth can not be in a planesurface, but are in a curved. To surveyors and collectors alike, the link chain symbolizes a rugged era, when surveying tools and techniques were literally defining america. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying.
Chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. The surveyors chain of 100 links is identified with edmund gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier. According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by main stations i. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line the length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m.
Chain surveying method in civil engineering, how to perform. Unless chain is laid over perfectly flat surface is must be held above surface by chainmen, it is impossible to apply enough tension to chain to prevent chain from sagging resulting in length measured being shorter than actual length of chain. Jun 24, 20 although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. Surveying lecture notes pdf difference between dumpy level and auto level. In chain surveying, various equipment and instruments are used for measuring distances prc, what is the bleeding of concrete. As expected, the construction surveyor conducts a construction survey which plays an important part of the whole construction project. Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of. It is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff. Geodetic surveyingplane surveying does not take into account the curvature ofthe earths surface, and the surface of the earth is treated as aplane surface.
Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and gun direction of weapons in the field, triangulation methods were apparently not used by the roman specialist land surveyors, the agromensores. According to levy and lemeshow 1999, survey design involves two steps. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. Chain surveying is actually done with a 100 steel tape that has a temperature correction at the zero end of the tape. Chain surveying is suitable for the following cases. It is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part. Effective beginning with the october 2005 examinations the exam is a 6hour openbook exam. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of. Various units of length used for surveying in the englishspeaking world, all consisting of 100 links.
The distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. In the chain surveying, you have studied the basics of chain surveying. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chain men to always read chain from a. Oct 09, 2010 unless chain is laid over perfectly flat surface is must be held above surface by chain men, it is impossible to apply enough tension to chain to prevent chain from sagging resulting in length measured being shorter than actual length of chain. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale. Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling.
It measured one chain by one furlong totaling 10 square chains. The chain was a precision part of a surveyors equipment and, as such, had to be calibrated and adjusted frequently, yet. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a n umber of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Chain surveying is not suitable for large areas having many details. Chain is most recommended for initial survey process. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their selection. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in. Angles of triangles must not be less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree. Full text of the principles of surveying internet archive. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil. Chain surveying most accurate method for making direct measurements a chain is formed of straight links of galvanized wires mild steel bent into rings at the ends and joined each other by three small circular or oval wire rings. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i. Mar, 2018 chain surveying with all equipment chain,arrow,pegs,ranging rod,offset rod duration. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. In chain surveying, the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. What are the obstacles in chain survey and methods to correct. Surveying, types of obstacles in chain surveying, civil. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a timecross staff.
Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. Chain surveying and linear measurements surveying youtube. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. Apr 06, 2017 a chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. It contains 67 multiplechoice questions in the 4hour morning session, and 33 multiplechoice questions in the 2hour afternoon session. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Throughout the construction period a surveyor assists the work as necessary. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and.
Oct 30, 2011 chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chainmen to always read chain from a. Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and test. Line up these sometimes it helps to have one of the assistants maintain one alignment while the surveyor does the other. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. While the old chainage method is antiquated, surveyors such as votex surveying company still use chainage as part of construction surveys today. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. The attached practice worksheet below and here is reproduced from a 1982 level 2 site surveying and levelling text book by h rawlinson to whom all acknowledgements are given.
A traverse is a framework of survey lines obtained by connecting a series of survey lines in which the length and direction of survey lines are measured with the help of tape and angle measuring instrument. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. Although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Chain surveying is the simplest form of survey in which surveying area is segregated into a number of triangles and the sides of different triangles are calculated directly in the field through a chain or a tape and no angular measurements are chosen. Traverse, procedures of chain surveying, assignment help. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling.
In the 1600s, the english crown believed it owned all of north america by right of either discovery or conquest. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite. In chain survey, the area to be surveyed is divided into a framework consisting of triangles. Surveyors chain definition, see under chain def 8a. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art of making all essential measurements in space. The principle involved in chain survey is of triangulation. Principles of chain surveying chain surveying procedure.
The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles. Any discussion of ohio lands must start with a brief history, so here we go. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. Chain surveying the arrangement of triangles to be adopted in the field depends on the shape, topography and the natural or artificial obstacles met with. The surveying assistants then measure from the end of the baseline chain to the point. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. This activity requires a minimum of four children in the active roles but works with groups of eight to. Chain surveying requires chain, tape and ranging rods. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. For most engineering projects such as canal, railway, highway, building, pipeline, etc constructions, this type of surveying is. Pdf key points on chain surveying araen shinge academia. Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626.
It brings together expert coverage of surveying principles, remote sensing and other new advances in technological instrumentation, and modern applications for everything from mapping to engineering. Principles of chain survey a triangle is a simple figure which can be plotted from the lengths of three sides even if the angles are not known. For small areas less than 250 km2 plane surveying can safely be used. Ground fairly level and open with simple details 2. Once the point on the baseline chain is found it should be marked with a chain peg. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. This implies a precise control surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying. To work from the whole to the part to locate a new station by at least two measurements linear or angular from fixed reference points.
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